ELECTRIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN THE HUMAN HEAD: COMPUTATIONAL MODELING ACROSS 1–3 GHZ FOR 5G APPLICATIONS

Abstract

The deployment of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks, particularly in the millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) band, has raised questions regarding human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). Unlike lower frequencies, mmWave signals penetrate only 1 2 mm into tissue, leading to predominantly superficial absorption. This study investigates electric field (E-field) distribution within the human head using computational electromagnetic modeling. A simplified spherical head model with layered tissue properties was simulated across 1–3 GHz. Results showed a progressive reduction in E-field strength with increasing frequency, with localized hotspots forming near the surface, while brain tissues exhibited consistently lower intensities. These findings support the premise of superficial energy deposition but highlight limitations in current compliance metrics, which rely on averaged absorbed power density. The study underscores the need for refined dosimetric models and regulatory frameworks that account for spatial variability and localized hotspots in 5G mm-Wave exposures. KEYWORDS: 5G, Concept-II, Electromagnetic wave, Electric field, Human head model,