THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIRD PARTY OWNERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALLER’S RIGHTS

Abstract

This paper examines the legal and ethical implications of Third Party Ownership (TPO) in professional footballers’ rights, a contentious issue in global sports law. TPO refers to contractual arrangements where the economic rights of players are owned, partly or wholly, by third-party entities such as agents, private investors, or corporations. Initially introduced as a financial mechanism to ease clubs’ transfer burdens and mitigate investment risks, TPO generated extensive debate due to its effect on player autonomy, contractual freedom, and the integrity of the sport. The article critically assesses the legal frameworks governing TPO, with emphasis on the Fédération Internationale de Football Association’s (FIFA) 2015 global ban, alongside national legislation and judicial interpretations within the European Union and South American jurisdictions where the practice had been widespread. Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology, it analyzes FIFA regulations, national laws, relevant court decisions, and academic literature, supported by ethical discourse and policy reports. Findings reveal that although TPO provides short-term financial benefits to clubs and investors, it commodifies players, undermines welfare, and fosters conflicts of interest that compromise fairness. Persisting use in certain jurisdictions highlights inconsistent regulations and weak enforcement. The paper recommends stronger oversight, transparency, and international cooperation to protect players’ rights.